Prioritising energy efficiency in the European transport ecosystem of tomorrow
Energy & Infrastructures
The Platform for Electromobility highlights the critical importance of maximising energy efficiency in achieving the EU’s decarbonisation goals. We are collectively worried of the proposal to bring forward the revision of the CO2 Standards for Cars and Vans and the proposal to expand the use of e-fuels, masquerade through a call for “technology-neutrality”. As the European law-makers prepare to review the upcoming amendment to the regulation on CO2 emission performance, we highlight risk such amendment poses to overall energy consumption of the continent.
What is energy efficiency in transport?
Energy efficiency refers to the amount of energy, measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh), required to travel a certain distance (kilometers) per passenger. The more energy-efficient a mode of transport is, the less primary energy is needed to be produced for the vehicle to travel the same distance, regardless of the energy’s source—whether it comes from fossil fuels, nuclear energy, or renewable sources.
2. Why is energy efficiency crucial?
Energy efficiency should be a cornerstone of the EU’s energy transition for transport. As transport remains one of the largest consumers of energy, improving energy efficiency directly supports European energy autonomy and security by reducing Europe’s reliance on imported fossil fuels, particularly from politically unstable regions. According to BloombergNEF, favoring energy-efficient transport could save up to 1.5 million barrels of oil per day, equivalent to over €40 billion annually in reduced imports[1].
In addition to strengthening energy security, energy efficiency has direct economic benefits. As energy costs may continue to rise, more efficient transport solutions can help reduce operational costs for businesses and drivers alike. This would make travel more affordable for citizens and improve the competitiveness of European industries.
Furthermore, a key objective of the EU is to increase the share of renewable energy in its energy mix. However, less energy-efficient transport modes would require a unnecessarily increase in renewable energy production to meet demand. It would increase the risk of “Not-In-My-BackYard” movement against such renewable energy plants, and ultimately Europeans’ resistance against energy transition. Prioritising energy efficiency helps maximize the utility of renewable energy and minimize the impact in Europe.
[1]https://about.bnef.com/blog/electric-cars-have-dented-fuel-demand-by-2040-theyll-slash-it/#:~:text=So%20far%2C%20the%20growing%20fleet,far%20off%2C%20arriving%20in%202027.
Which transport modes are the most energy efficient?
Among all transport modes, trains are by far the most energy-efficient for long distances[1]. Europe is already a global leader in rail transport, and a concerted push to increase modal shift from road to rail could unlock substantial efficiency gains. We thus support the call to further roll-out of TEN-T as well as plans for an ambitious European high-speed rail network, night train and rail freight. The ecological advantage is especially there for freight transport. On the local level, public passenger transport by metro, tram, bus and urban rail collectively moves large numbers of people, using less energy and emitting less CO2 per passenger-kilometre than private vehicles.[2]
However, passenger cars remain at the center of current political debate. They represent the most widespread form of personal transport and are undergoing major changes amid political debates and upcoming review of the CO2 Standards for cars and vans. When it comes to energy efficiency, not all cars are equal. Energy efficiency among cars varies dramatically, depending on the type of propulsion used. For example, as illustrated by graph 1 above, on the same amount of energy of 15 kWh, similar passenger cars travel very different distances[3]:
- An internal combustion engine vehicle running on synthetic fuels created from renewable energy and climate neutral can travel 20km;
- a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle, running on synthetic fuels created from renewable energy and climate neutral can travel 35km, using the same amount of energy.
- a battery electric vehicle (BEV) can travel 100 km on the same amount of energy, five times more the range of the ICE car.
It is clear that BEVs significantly outperform vehicles powered by e-fuels in terms of energy efficiency.
[1] https://www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/rail [2] In its Urban Mobility Framework (point 2.4), the Commission writes "Public transport such as urban rail, metros, trams, buses, water buses, ferries or cable cars represent the safest, most efficient and sustainable ways for large numbers of people to travel.". There is also a comparison of emissions per mode that includes buses (and coaches) in the EEA Transport and Environment Report 2021 (figure 4.3) [3] Research Center for Energy Networks and Energy Storage
Why are they differences in energy efficiency?
Producing e-fuels requires much more energy than producing fossil fuels or using direct electrification when looking at energy use from production to tank. The main issue with e-fuels is their low efficiency throughout the production process. In order for an e-fuel to truly be carbon-neutral, each step—making hydrogen, capturing carbon, and then synthesizing the fuel— needs to be renewable. However, each of these steps require energy and result in large energy losses. This makes e-fuels less efficient in areas where electrification use is possible, especially since electric motors are far more efficient than combustion engines[1].
While a BEV uses 77% of the primary energy to move its wheels, a vehicle powered by e-fuels converts only 20% of the original energy input into motion[2]. The later would thus need about four times more primary energy than the former to travel same amount of kilometres. This large difference underscores the need to prioritise more efficient technologies. Energy efficiency is not a marginal criteria.
Additionally, such an efficiency gain is without counting on the benefits BEVs can have for the energy system if grid-integrated thanks to smart and bidirectional charging, where their batteries can improve the efficiency of the entire energy system. As the making synthetic fuels in itself is already very energy intensive. Each Kwh used for the production of synthetic fuels is one that cannot serve other, more efficient means.
[1] https://www.spglobal.com/_assets/documents/ratings/research/101595057.pdf [2] https://www.transportenvironment.org/articles/e-fuels-too-inefficient-and-expensive-cars-and-trucks-may-be-part-aviations-climate-solution
Which policies can promote most energy-efficient transport?
To ensure that Europe’s future vehicle fleet is as energy efficient as possible, we recommend the following policy actions:
- No U-turn: Any early review or any U-turn in already agreed policy is detrimental for investment confidence in the energy transition.
- Limit the role of e-fuels in CO2 standards: In the upcoming review of the CO2 standards for cars and vans, we urge policymakers to restrict the use of e-fuels to niche markets that cannot be directly electrified, for emergency services, or vehicles of specific usages such as forestry.
- Focus e-fuels on hard-to-abate sectors: Divert the use of limited e-fuels to other sectors where electrification is still not an option and where so much is needed: aviation, long-haul maritime.
- Introduce differentiated taxation: Vehicle taxation should be tied to energy efficiency. Registration taxes, road taxes, and fuel duties should favour energy-efficient vehicles. For instance, a bonus-malus system could be introduced, where less efficient vehicles face higher taxes, and more efficient options benefit from tax breaks. The revision of the Energy Taxation Directive could be instrumental in this perspective.
- Prioritise energy efficiency in public procurement: Public procurement can be a powerful tool to set an example. Green public procurement criteria should prioritize the energy efficiency of vehicles used in the public sector. By including energy efficiency requirements in public tenders, governments can drive demand for the most efficient technologies. The Net Zero Industrial Act already paves the way in this direction.
Conclusion
Energy efficiency is not just a technical consideration, it is a strategic imperative for Europe’s energy security, economic competitiveness, Europeans’ cost of living, and environmental sustainability. By prioritising the development and use of the most energy-efficient transport modes, the EU can reduce its dependence on imported fossil fuels, lower costs for consumers, and ensure that the shift to renewable energy is as efficient as possible.
We strongly urge you to take decisive action in the upcoming CO2 standards review and to adopt policies that will promote the most energy-efficient transport solutions. This is essential to meeting the EU’s decarbonisation objectives and securing a sustainable future for all Europeans.
Our recommendations for Commissioner-designate for Climate, Clean Growth & Net Zero
INDUSTRY - FLEET
The Clean Industrial deal’s success relies on stable legislation on both demand and supply sides
Our recommendations for Wopke Hoekstra
Commissioner-designate for Climate, Net-Zero and Clean Growth
As a new EU mandate begins, the members of the Platform for Electromobility remain dedicated to advancing sustainable transport solutions that drive decarbonisation across all land transport modes in Europe. To achieve this and support Europe in its energy transition, it is crucial to align supply-side policies and strong demand-side measures to ensure a successful decarbonisation of transport; one of the EU’s most polluting sectors. This will require a balanced approach where climate goals are met while addressing the needs of citizens, consumers, and industry. A coordinated effort between the European Green Deal and a Clean Industrial Deal will be key to driving sustainable progress and maintaining Europe’s leadership in clean mobility.
Below, we outline our recommended priorities for the incoming Commissioner for Climate, Net-Zero and Clean Growth for ensuring that European climate policies consider industries and consumers needs while meeting Europe’s long-term climate objectives.
1/ Supply side policies: a steady regulatory framework covering the whole value chain
The Clean Industrial Deal should complement and perfect the European Green Deal, rather than replace it. The two packages must work together to achieve Europe’s climate and industrial goals, particularly as we enter a period of rapid transformation in the transport and mobility sectors. Industrial policy should enable —not dilute— the climate targets that the EU has committed to, ensuring Europe maintains its leadership in clean transportation deployment.
When it comes to decarbonation of transport, legislative clarity and objectives are key. This is particularly true to ensure the successful roll-out of zero-emission vehicles by 2035. We must first safeguard such a flagship target while ensuring that consumers—whether individuals or businesses—are buying-in to the transition and support European car manufacturers in this centurial challenge.
The Platform for Electromobility is very concerned by recent statements calling on the incoming European Commission to reverse the already agreed on CO2 Standards for cars and vans. Today, the 2035 zero emission cars goal is Europe’s most straight-forward EV industrial strategy bringing vital investments to European companies. We thus strongly warn against undermining key EU legislation already agreed by MEPs and EU countries in the last legislative period. Attracting investments to create the net-zero industrial ecosystem for zero-emission mobility is not possible without a consistent, clear regulatory framework. To “hit reverse” now would also significantly penalise all industrial actors, including many of our members, who have already invested in this transition (automotive, batteries, infrastructure, etc.).
More details: Reversing the 2035 zero emission cars goal will harm EU industry (June 2024)
Key Policy Asks:
Ensure the continued implementation of the 2035 zero-emission vehicles target to maintain regulatory certainty and attract investment.
Ensure swift and coherent implementation at national level of other Green Deal measures notably related to charging infrastructures and renewable energies.
The Platform for Electromobility sees the European Green Deal as a long-term strategy to ensure Europe’s global competitiveness and climate leadership. This long-term strategy should now be accompanied by an actionable industrial policy plan. Any such future industrial policy, to be comprehensive, should include a focus on the electromobility manufacturing ecosystem. We underline the need for a holistic approach, covering the entire value chain for clean transport solutions (upstream and downstream) and understanding the particularities of Europe industrial and transport systems. Finally, industrial policy should rely on a stable regulatory framework and reinforced international cooperation.
We advocate for a 360° e-mobility industry strategy that addresses the full value chain—from raw materials to end products—across all modes of sustainable transportation. This includes a focus on upstream (refining) and downstream (recycling) sectors to strengthen Europe’s industrial base. Additionally, we stress the need for policies to address energy-cost disparities and support public procurement that favours European-made products. It is also crucial to support workers in transitioning to new skills required for the green economy.
– More details: Five steps towards a 360° e-mobility industry strategy (March 2024)
– More details: Invest skills for competitive, sustainable, European transport industries (June 2024)
Given the escalating climate investment gap, we propose the creation of a comprehensive Net Zero Investment Plan. This plan should not only focus on innovation but also provide limited-in-time yet predictable support for operating expenses and production. It should consider higher-risk ventures and be structured under the EU Multi Financial Framework and new bond issuance programs. Coordination of state aid measures at the EU level will ensure a level playing field and support Europe’s climate and mobility objectives.
More details: Invest in manufacturing for competitive, sustainable, European transport industries (June 2024)
Robust international cooperation is essential to mitigate geopolitical and dependency risks. The EU should prepare responses to global green industry support programs carefully to avoid a subsidy race. Strengthening cooperation with major economic powers and diversifying sources of green technology will help reduce dependencies and secure supply chains. Furthermore, intra-European cooperation should be encouraged to optimize the procurement of strategic raw materials.
– More details: Strengthening EU’s electromobility ecosystem in the global race. (March 2023)
In the pursuit of the electrification of the mobility sector for the years to come, it is essential to recognise concerns surrounding certain PFAS use cases and their production, use and disposal. Considering that environmental and human health protection are critical, we call next Commissioner to supporting the transition to PFAS-free solutions in the sustainable mobility sector, and call for measures to eliminate all emissions released during the life cycle as soon as viable industrial alternatives are available. Primary collective objective should be to reduce, and where possible, phase out the use of PFAS following the REACH risk management approach across all mobility industries.
– More information: Our statement on PFAS in sustainable e-mobility (April 2024)
Key Policy Asks
Ensure upcoming Clean Industrial Deal considers the whole e-mobility value chain’s competitiveness rather than focusing on a few components or modes.
Financing the energy transition in the long term with a Net Zero Investment Plan
Strengthening international cooperation to avoid trade disruption and diversify sources while ensuring a level-playing field.
Grant appropriate derogation periods necessary for testing alternatives and bringing them to the market and allow for the use of PFAS where no alternative is available while ensuring they are replaced as quickly as possible.
2/ Demand-side measures: a stable framework for consumers to show the way, corporate fleets to pave the way.
The next step in accelerating the transition to electric mobility is to propose a legally binding a corporate fleet mandate, ensuring that companies and large fleet owners, currently lagging behind[1], play their part in electrifying transport. Corporate fleets represent a significant portion of vehicle sales and are pivotal to creating a vibrant second-hand market for EVs. A well-regulated corporate fleet mandate would not only speed up the decarbonization of the transport sector but also ensure that EVs become more affordable for the broader public. We trust the next European Commissioner for Climate will work closely with next European Commissioner for Sustainable Transport in proposing clean corporate fleet initiatives.
– More details: Guidelines for mandating ZEV in corporate and urban fleets (September 2021)
The previous European Commission already laid the groundwork with the public consultation on corporate fleets, and now is the time to build on that momentum. A strong mandate would require companies to transition their vehicle fleets to electric, generating a steady supply of second-hand EVs. Two-third of Europeans purchase their vehicle on the second-hand market. Such measures would particularly benefit lower-income households who might otherwise struggle to afford new electric models and be left aside of the energy transition.
This policy will also support a smoother and more inclusive transition to e-mobility, helping to lower transportation costs for consumers while contributing to the reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. To go further, we also invite the European Commission to investigate other potential demand-side measures to be implemented at national level (e.g. social leasing, scrappage schemes, sustainable taxation) to support the transition.
Key policy ask:
Propose a legally-binding corporate fleet mandate to accelerate the electrification of transport and generate a second-hand EV market that broadens access to affordable, zero-emission vehicles.
Investigate the opportunity of other measures to boost the demand of clean mobility solutions.
[1] https://evmarketsreports.com/corporate-ev-adoption-in-eu-lags-behind-private-households-raising-concerns/
Our recommendations to Commissioner-designate for Energy
Energy
Energy policies enabling decarbonised transport, and vice-versa
Our recommendations for Dan Jørgensen
European Commissioner-designate for Energy
As we move into the next five years of the European Parliament mandate, the members of the Platform for Electromobility remain committed to advancing sustainable transport solutions that drive decarbonisation of land transports in Europe. To achieve this, it is essential to create a synergetic ecosystem between energy and transport infrastructures and assets.
Indeed, the emerging ecosystem of sustainable, decarbonized transport sits at the intersection of the energy and transport sectors. The electrification of transport is not just a transport initiative but a crucial energy challenge that requires coordinated efforts across both domains. With transport now a major driver of electricity demand, engagement of next European Commissioner for Energy in electric mobility policy initiatives will be essential to successfully achieving the European Union’s climate and energy goals.
Below, we outline the necessary legislative steps that a seamless, win-win integration between energy and transport ecosystem requires.
1/ Ensuring the implementation of the Green Deal
As you begin your new mandate, we urge you to uphold and fully implement the commitments of the European Green Deal, particularly those within the Regulation on the CO2 standards for new passenger cars and vans, the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the 2019 and 2024 Electricity Market Design (EMD) reforms. These legislative files are enablers of Europe’s transition to a sustainable transport system, accelerating renewable energy adoption and creating a more flexible, efficient electricity market. Next European Commissioner for Energy’s leadership will be essential to ensure their timely implementation and to hold Member States accountable for meeting their ambitious targets.
To ensure the success of these ambitious directives and Regulation, it is crucial to pair the Green Deal’s implementation with a robust investment plan. This should include dedicated funding mechanisms to support renewable energy projects, grid modernization, and infrastructure development. By aligning public and private investment with the goals of the Green Deal, Europe can foster innovation, enhance energy security, and create sustainable jobs across Member States.
Key policy asks
Ensure the full and timely transposition of the Renewable Energy Directive (RED) and the Electricity Market Design (EMD) across all Member States. – More details: Our statement on Electricity Market Design.
Uphold the targets already set out in the Regulation on the CO2 standards for new passenger cars and vans.
Support the presentation of a strong Net-Zero Investment Plan to implement the Green Deal. – More details: Investing in energy infrastructure to enable the Green Deal
2/ Upgrading and smartening the electricity grid for e-mobility
The integration of electric vehicles (EVs and eHDVs) into Europe’s electricity grid presents both opportunities and challenges. However, a modern, smart, and flexible power grid across Europe is the key to accommodating the increasing demand for electricity from EVs, ensuring grid stability notably via ancillary flexible services that smart vehicles can deliver. Investments in grid infrastructure, smart technologies, and flexibility services will be essential to managing this transition effectively.
To support this transition, the Platform for Electromobility emphasizes the importance of coordinated action between all stakeholders, including Distribution System Operators (DSOs), Charge Point Operators (CPOs), flexibility service providers, and regulators. A harmonized approach to grid planning, smart charging solutions, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies will maximize the benefits of EV integration, both for the grid and for consumers.
We encourage you to prioritize the following actions:
Promote the development of national EV charging blueprints and anticipatory grid investments, ensuring that Member States facilitate seamless EV charging infrastructure deployment in alignment with grid capacity.
– More details: The right governance for smooth integration of e-mobility solutions into the grid.Support the reform of grid connection agreements and foster the implementation of smart and bidirectional charging technologies, enabling EVs to contribute to grid stability and flexibility.
– More details: A Comprehensive Roadmap for V2X Integration in Europe
Our recommendations for Commissioner-designate for Sustainable Transport
Logistics
Towards a Sustainable Logistic Transportation in Europe
Our recommendations for Apostolos Tzitzikostas
European Commissioner-designate for Sustainable Transport
As we move into the next five years of the European Parliament mandate, the members of the Platform for Electromobility remain committed to advancing sustainable transport solutions that drive decarbonisation of the transport of goods in Europe. To achieve this, it is essential to electrify all modes of regional logistic transports, on and off the roads. On road, the electrification of transport is still at the very early days of its development and requires significant and necessary efforts, for large CO2 emission saving potential. Off-roads, the rail and multimodal sectors present opportunities for quicker gains due to their existing capacity. By integrating various modes of transport, we can create efficient, zero-emission logistics networks that reduce reliance on road transport.
Below, we outline the necessary legislative steps required to decarbonize the European logistic system, addressing both vehicles and infrastructure, for transport modes on and off the roads.
1/ On Vehicles: Continuing the work initiated by the first von der Leyen Commission
We urge the next European executive to continue the work initiated by the first von der Leyen Commission. These initiatives are crucial for the deployment and renewal of logistic vehicle fleets, which are a key component of the logistic ecosystem.
- The proper implementation of CO2 standards for trucks and buses is critical for this third pillar. We invite policy-makers to ensure adherence to the regulation as approved by co-legislators in 2023.
- Political initiatives will be essential to encourage the adoption of zero-emission vehicles, therefore we urge a cleaning corporate fleet proposal by the European Commission, after the related consultation, subsidies, tax incentives, and scrappage schemes for older diesel trucks.
- To incentivise the uptake of zero-emission trucks further, we call Member States to engage in an effective review of the Weights and Dimensions Directive, bearing in mind the goal to promote the dissemination of those vehicles. Decarbonising road freight transport is vital, given that it is currently dominated by diesel HDVs (including European Modular Systems where permitted). Zero-emission trucks need adequate weight allowances to accommodate their technology and lawmakers should avoid granting guarantee that their circulation is not unjustly constrained to minimal percentages of the TEN-T core network [1].
- Call on Member States to reach a general approach on the Combined Transport Directive by the end of the year, with a view to promote the use of Zero-Emission Vehicles for short and medium range connections (for which Zero-Emission HDV will be well adapted) and a modal shift towards more energy efficient and highly electrified modes of transport such as rail.
- Given that the average lifespan of rail rolling stock in Europe is approximately 30 years, targeted investments in zero-emission trains will be crucial for phasing out diesel propulsion and advancing rail electrification efforts. Infrastructure managers and operators – particularly in Central and Eastern Europe where rolling stock fleets are older – stand to benefit significantly from investments in new zero-emission rolling stock.
Key policy asks
Implement regulations and incentives for Zero-Emission trucks: Implement robust CO2 standards for trucks and buses, propose a clean corporate fleet initiative, and offer subsidies, tax incentives, and scrappage schemes to accelerate the adoption of zero-emission vehicles and renew outdated diesel fleets.
Enhance legislation to support Zero-Emission Transport: Reach a swift and ambitious general approach on the proposal to revise the Combined Transport Directive and review the Weights and Dimensions Directive to support zero-emission trucks while preventing expanded circulation of heavier diesel vehicles, and invest in the electrification of rail infrastructure, especially in regions with aging rolling stock, to phase out diesel propulsion in rail transport.
2/ On Infrastructure: implement the Green Deal for both above and underground assets.
The second pillar of a sustainable logistic ecosystem is its infrastructure. We believe that the legislation agreed upon under the European Green Deal in recent years is highly relevant and can be effective if properly implemented.
- Ensuring a swift and coherent implementation of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) for public charging infrastructure and the national transposition of the Energy Performance of Builidngs Directive (EPBD) for private charging infrastructure is paramount. Member States should develop robust national plans based on AFIR and EPBD targets and on future demand, supporting the deployment of charging infrastructure for eHDVs. We recommend European fundings to still be allocated to the roll out of charging infrastructures for eHDVs via the AFIF.
- To incentivise an impactful decarbonisation of the HDV sector by using more electricity by renewable energy sources, Member States should fast-track the implementation of the Renewable Energy Directive III (REDIII) credit mechanism for EV Chargers in order to be ready for 21st May 2025. The mechanism should be implemented not only for the public accessible chargers but also for the private ones, in order to lower electric HDVs’ Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and incentivise private actors to deploy chargers and become active in the market, using private resources. By making the most of available credits and financial incentives, this will support business cases for private investments in eHDVs infrastructure.
- The electrification of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) rail network by 2030, 2040 and 2050 will require substantial investments with priority for three key areas. First, maintenance of existing infrastructure is paramount for ensuring optimal track conditions, enabling higher speeds and improving services. Second, upgrading existing network infrastructure – including implementing the European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) signalisation and addressing bottlenecks – are crucial for enhancing efficiency and capacity.
Underground, the power distribution grid will also need substantive measures to adapt to the decarbonation of logistical transport. We invite next European Commissioner for Transport to :
- nsure that the expansion of the electricity distribution grid keeps pace with the rapidly growing demand for fast chargers for electric heavy-duty vehicles (eHDVs). This requires substantial investment, forward-looking planning, including anticipatory investments, and appropriate mapping on hosting capacity by system operators and streamlined connection procedures to support the necessary infrastructure. We also emphasize the importance of reinforcing the commitments made during the Energy Council in June under the Belgian Presidency, which underscored the need for a coordinated approach to grid development in anticipation of future demand.
- Promoting the deployment of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology will also be crucial in enhancing grid integration and reducing the total cost of ownership for eHDVs. The development of smart charging systems and bidirectional charging capabilities will support grid stability and renewable energy use. Synergies between eHDVs and eBuses charging infrastructure, like shared depots whenever possible can be sought minimize grid connection requests and optimize public space.
Key policy asks
Accelerate implementation of green infrastructure legislations: Ensure swift and coherent execution of the Alternative Fuels Infrastructure Regulation (AFIR) and Renewable Energy Directive III (REDIII) to expand charging infrastructure for electric heavy-duty vehicles (eHDVs) and integrate more renewable energy sources, lowering the total cost of ownership and incentivizing private investment.
Invest in rail and power grid infrastructure: Prioritize electrification and upgrades of the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) rail network, including maintenance and European Rail Traffic Management System (ERTMS) enhancements, and expand the electricity grid to meet the increasing demand for fast chargers for eHDVs. Encourage the deployment of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) technology and smart charging systems to enhance grid stability and support the broader use of renewable energy.
[1] The latest, failed compromise under the Belgian Presidency proposed limiting the circulation of 44-tonne ZETs to 25% of the TEN-T core network by 2030, 50% by 2035, and 100% by 2040 in countries that do not permit 44t trucks internally (e.g., Germany). The Commission's proposal did not include such a restriction, which, as evident, would significantly disadvantage ZETs. If this proposal were adopted, it could also allow Member States like Germany to restrict the circulation of ZETs that already benefit from the existing 2t allowance (i.e., 42t ZETs) to these minimal percentages of the TEN-T core network.
30 investments priorities by 2030 for sustainable mobility
Energy, Infrastructure, Industry
Our recommendations for a “European Net-Zero Infrastructure Investment Plan
Without deployment of high-speed charging infrastructure for electric trucks, a high quality and interoperable rail network as well as integrated recycling facilities, the Green Deal will remain simply a paper tiger.
The Platform for Electromobility supports the overall shift in European policy priorities established the European Green Deal. The Deal acts as a valuable long-term compass, particularly in light of the pending elections and the appointment of a new Commission. In 2023, two pivotal pieces of legislation supporting the shift – the Net Zero Industrial Act and the Critical Raw Materials Act – were enacted. However, while these measures are welcome first steps, they call for a complementary initiative: a robust European Net-Zero Infrastructure Investment Plan.
A comprehensive Net Zero Investment Plan is essential if the EU Green Deal is to be implemented effectively within an appropriate timeframe. European companies and industries will require additional financing in order to transition to net zero, particularly given the support provided by competitors such as the US and China. Whether it is an “Investment Plan for Jobs and Clean Technologies”, an “Investment Plan for the Green Transition”, a “major investment plan to fund green industries and infrastructure” or a “massive investment spending plan for the creation of green jobs and the transformation of industry, transport and energy” – by the European People’s Party, the Party of European Socialists, the European Greens and The Left, respectively, it is clear that investment stands as a cross-partisan priority.
As outlined in our EU election manifesto, a significant investment plan post-elections is essential for ensuring the successful implementation of the Green Deal. This will benefit individuals, the climate and businesses alike, targeting sectors crucial to achieving Net Zero goals. Without deployment of high-speed charging infrastructure for electric trucks, a high quality and interoperable rail network as well as integrated recycling facilities, the Green Deal will remain simply a paper tiger. It is imperative that we make these and other long-term, easily accessible investments. Ensuring legacy of the Green Deal with a large investment plan must take centre stage during the upcoming European elections. It is the democratic moment that would legitimise such a leap forward.
At the Platform for Electromobility, our focus is on identifying priorities for the sustainable transport sectors as a whole, ensuring they work synergistically while avoiding duplication or contradictory expenditure. This document offers an overview of the required investment priorities for the myriad sectors that will constitute tomorrow’s clean mobility ecosystem. We therefore aim to support policy makers in determining the content and priorities of such a cross-partisan investment plan.
Below, 30 investment priorities in seven areas have been identified, in order to respond to three policy imperatives: deploying hard infrastructure, implementing industrial policy and supporting the shift to zero-emissions vehicles. Those priorities are closely intertwined, build on each other and create valuable synergies.
While financial considerations are paramount, they must not be the sole focus. The Green Deal also requires further legislative measures for proper implementation, such as industrial policy reforms, corporate fleet mandates and electricity market design overhauls. We have chosen to refrain from delving into financial arrangements, in order to maintain focus on our area of expertise: sustainable mobility.
30 priorities over seven areas, across three pillars.
Discover the details of the report.
1/ Investing in energy and transport infrastructure to enable the Green Deal
2/ Invest for competitive, sustainable, European transport industries
Methodology - Results are based on a preliminary questionnaire, distributed on a voluntary basis to the members of the Platform for Electromobility. The preliminary findings have been discussed and debated within each of the Platform’s six thematic working groups. The final outcomes have been validated by all members following the Platform’s Memorandum of Understanding validation processes.
Support the roll-out of zero-emissions vehicles across all modes
Net Zero Investment Plan
Area 7: Invest in new, decarbonised fleets (5.7%)
Accelerating the transition to sustainable transport involves electrifying corporate and leasing car fleets, van and truck fleets, and acquiring zero-emission trains, with targeted funding and incentives playing a crucial role in promoting widespread adoption and achieving ambitious climate goals.
Investment Areas
Fleet renewal Priorities
Electrification of Corporate and Leasing Car Fleets
Electrification of Van and Truck Fleets
Acquisition of Zero-Emission Trains
- Electrification of Corporate and Leasing Car Fleets
Electrification of corporate and leasing car fleets presents a significant opportunity for accelerating the transition to sustainable transport. A European ‘Marshall Plan’, akin to the post-COVID recovery plan, could play a pivotal role in expediting fleet renewal over a ten-year period. By providing targeted funding and incentives, Europe can encourage the widespread adoption of electric vehicles within corporate and leasing fleets, thus reducing emissions, promoting innovation and stimulating economic growth.
- Electrification of Van and Truck Fleets
Electrification of van and truck fleets is essential for achieving ambitious climate goals and reducing emissions from the transport sector. Investing in electrification of commercial fleets can yield substantial environmental and economic benefits.
- Acquisition of Zero-Emission Trains
As Europe transitions to zero-emission transport, there is a pressing need to acquire new zero-emission rolling stock to replace ageing diesel fleets. Given that the average lifespan of rolling stock in Europe is approximately 30 years, targeted investments in zero-emission trains will be crucial for phasing out diesel propulsion and advancing rail electrification efforts. Infrastructure managers and operators – particularly in Central and Eastern Europe where rolling stock fleets are older – stand to benefit significantly from investments in new zero-emission rolling stock. By supporting the acquisition of zero-emission trains, Europe can modernise its rail infrastructure, reduce emissions and promote sustainable mobility throughout the continent.
Investing in energy infrastructure to enable the Green Deal
Net Zero Investment Plan
Area 1 : Energy Infrastructures (14.5%)
Investment in TSO and DSO infrastructure, energy storage solutions, renewable energy sources, and grid modernization, including smart grid deployment for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) applications, is critical for facilitating electric transport adoption and enhancing energy resilience in Europe.
Investment Areas
Energy Priorities
TSO and DSO Expansion/Upgrade
Energy Storage Solutions
Development of Renewable Energy Sources
Modernising the Grid
Smart Grid Deployment/V2G
- TSO and DSO Expansion/Upgrade
Expanding and upgrading TSO and DSO infrastructure is imperative for meeting the growing demand for electricity and facilitating the widespread adoption of electric transport. These upgrades are essential for supporting charging infrastructure for both light-duty vehicles (LDVs) and heavy-duty vehicles (HDVs), as well as for enhancing maritime and inland port grids. Reinforcing connections to the national grid for shore-side electricity will boost energy resilience and promote cleaner transport options.
- Energy Storage Solutions
Energy storage solutions play a crucial role in relieving grid congestion and accelerating the integration of renewable energy sources. Investing in such technologies will enhance grid flexibility, mitigate the variability issues associated with renewables, and support the transition to a more-sustainable and resilient energy system. Prioritising energy storage solution development and deployment is essential for ensuring grid stability and promoting renewable energy deployment.
- Development of Renewable Energy Sources
The electrification of transport is impossible without decarbonised electricity. Expanding carbon-free energy sources is fundamental to achieving energy security, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing the energy transition. Europe must prioritise the development of wind, solar and hydro – as well as other renewable and decarbonised energy sources – if it is to diversify the energy mix and decrease reliance on fossil fuels.
- Modernising the Grid
Digitising and modernising the grid are essential for improving demand-supply management and streamlining the process for creating new grid connections. Through embracing digital technologies, Europe can enhance grid reliability, optimise energy distribution and support the integration of distributed energy resources. Modernising the grid will also provide the foundations for future advancements in smart grid deployment and enable realisation of benefits such as vehicle-o-grid (V2G) capabilities.
- Smart Grid Deployment/V2G
Supporting smart grid deployment, particularly for V2G applications, is essential for optimising grid operations and leveraging the potential of electric vehicles as grid assets. Smart charging technologies enable EVs to be part of demand response programmes, thus helping balance supply and demand on the grid. Investing in smart grid infrastructure will allow for the efficient use of resources, minimise grid constraints and facilitate the transition to a more flexible and resilient energy system without heavy investment in infrastructure.
Invest skills for competitive, sustainable, European transport industries
Net Zero Investment Plan
Area 6: Invest in skills and workforce (10.5%)
Unlocking Europe’s decarbonization potential requires mapping training needs, expanding training capacity, and launching awareness campaigns to cultivate a skilled workforce for sustainable transportation.
Investment Areas
Skills and Workforce Priorities
Mapping training needs and training capacities
Increasing existing training capacity
Awareness Campaigns
Developing a skilled workforce is essential for successfully decarbonising the transport sector. Addressing skills shortages, promoting job creation and enhancing training capacity are key priorities requiring coordinated efforts from the EU institutions, Member States and industry stakeholders.
- Mapping training needs and training capacities
The EU institutions and Member States must undertake a comprehensive skills mapping exercise to identify gaps and assess the needs for jobs and skills in various sectors. This should encompass both the traditional and new skills required to deliver decarbonisation. Based on the gaps identified, tools should be developed to publicise available training opportunities and instigate new training programmes where necessary.
- Increasing existing training capacity
To meet the growing demand for skilled workers, there should be investment in increasing training capacity, including improving Vocational Education and Training (VET) schools and recruiting suitably qualified teachers. Urgent action is needed to address the time required to adequately train workers, in order to ensure the steady supply of skilled labour for industries transitioning to sustainability. By enhancing training infrastructure and resources, Europe can build a workforce with the ability to advance the energy transition. Initiatives such as the ‘Net-Zero Academy’ can serve as role models for supporting skills development initiatives across Europe.
- Awareness Campaigns
Investment in awareness campaigns is crucial for attracting greater numbers of workers to technical jobs and education, particularly in those sectors undergoing energy transition. Such campaigns should target young people, to cultivate their long-term interest and engagement in sustainable professions. By raising awareness of the opportunities available in decarbonisation sectors, Europe can inspire the coming generation of skilled workers and drive innovation in clean technologies.
Invest in manufacturing for competitive, sustainable, European transport industries
Net Zero Investment Plan
Area 5: Invest in ‘Made-in-Europe’ manufacturing (14.9%)
Efficient processing methods, increased R&D funding for sustainable battery development, support for EV and battery manufacturing, and refurbishment or manufacturing of zero-emission trains are vital for advancing the e-mobility industry in Europe, promoting sustainability, innovation, and economic growth.
Investment Areas
Manufacturing Priorities
Processing
Research & Development
EV Manufacturing
Battery Manufacturing
Zero Emission Trains Refurbishment
Zero Emission Trains Manufacturing
- Processing
Efficient and sustainable processing methods are integral to the preparation of raw materials for manufacturing components central to the emobility industry, such as batteries. This encompasses transforming raw materials – via various processes – into the specific forms required for producing batteries and other components. Ensuring the environmental responsibility of these processes is paramount for establishing a stable and ethical supply chain for the EV sector.
- Research and Development
Funding is essential to advance battery R&D for e-mobility. Transitioning away from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) is imperative for achieving full sustainability and futureproofing the industry. R&D funding, particularly for PFAS alternatives and battery development, is crucial for driving innovation and improving environmental performance. Strategic investment in R&D to consolidate European technology champions will enhance the competitiveness of European industries in the global market.
- Support for EV & 22. Battery Manufacturing
The development of battery production is crucial for reducing European industry’s dependence on Asia and the USA. Additionally, it presents an opportunity to create attractive employment opportunities. Supporting the growth of battery manufacturing not only strengthen Europe’s industrial base but also fosters innovation and economic growth. By investing in EV and battery manufacturing, Europe can become a leader in sustainable transportation and create a booming ecosystem of green technologies. In addition, it offers an opportunity to create attractive employment opportunities.
- Zero-Emission Trains: Refurbishment or 24. Manufacturing
The lack of rolling stock in Europe presents a significant barrier to expansion, particularly for new market entrants and operators seeking to launch innovative rail services. Refurbishing, retrofitting and manufacturing new rolling stock that meets the evolving needs of passengers, such as comfortable night trains and high-quality internet connectivity, is essential for accelerating behavioural change and promoting the widespread adoption of zero-emission trains. It is worth mentioning that the European Smart and Sustainable Mobility Strategy rail objectives are set at doubling by 2030 and tripling by 2050 high-speed rail traffic and increasing by 50% by 2030 and doubling by 2050 rail freight traffic. Achieving these ambitious goals, which are interlinked with the completion of the EU TEN-T rail network and the EU 2040 emissions reduction target, will require a considerable increase in the EU’s production capacity of (very) high-speed and freight rolling stock by 2050.
Investin circularity for competitive, sustainable, European transport industries
Net Zero Investment Plan
Area 4: Invest to create a circularity value chain (10.0%)
Investing in recycling, urban mining, second-life batteries, and repairability is key for resource sustainability and circular economy in Europe, necessitating coordinated efforts and incentives for efficiency and environmental benefits.
Investment Areas
Circularity Priorities
Recycling
Minin, Remining & Urban miness
Second-Life of batteriest
Repairability
- Recycling
Investing in integrated recycling and repurposing facilities, in order to collect, dismantle and recover valuable metals from these sources, is essential for reducing reliance on primary mining and enhancing resource sustainability. By prioritising development of recycling infrastructure, Europe can establish a robust supply chain for critical metals and promote circular economy principles in the battery industry, ultimately contributing to the continent’s energy transition goals. Developing the EU’s recycling capabilities is paramount to retaining valuable materials within Europe and reducing dependency on imports. Incentivising the colocation of battery manufacturing and recycling facilities can streamline material flows, minimise environmental impact and use resources more efficiently.
- Mining, Remining and Urban Mines
Europe possesses a valuable resource in its so-called ‘urban mines’. These include used batteries and waste materials, which can be effectively leveraged to secure essential metals for battery production.
- Second-Life Batteries and 18. Repairability
Maximising the lifespan of batteries is essential for addressing the limited availability of raw materials within the EU. Embracing second-life battery programmes and implementing robust repairability requirements for both batteries and EVs can extend their usefulness and promote a thriving second-hand market. By incentivising reuse and repair of batteries and vehicles, Europe can reduce waste, lower its environmental footprint and unlock economic opportunities in the circular economy.